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Science

Breakthroughs from labs, observatories, and clinical trials worth your attention.

24 stories · Edition of 2026-10-22 · Curated by AI at Invalid Date

SCIENCE

NASA JPL Marks 90 Years of Space Innovation and Exploration

7h ago · Source: NASA

A 1936 rocket test in Pasadena’s Arroyo Seco marked the birth of what would become NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a facility now operated by Caltech for the agency. The lab commemorated its 90th anniversary by highlighting a legacy of firsts and outlining upcoming missions. In 1958, JPL built Explorer 1, the United States’ first satellite, which carried a Geiger counter that identified Earth’s radiation belts. The following year, JPL contributed to NASA’s formation and later led the 1964 Ranger 7 lunar impact mission, the first U.S. spacecraft to transmit high-resolution images of the Moon. Subsequent achievements included the first planetary flyby, the first mission to visit all four gas giants, the first Mars rovers, and the first rotorcraft to fly on another planet.

Current plans include the SkyFall mission, scheduled for a 2028 launch, which will deploy three helicopters to Mars to map subsurface ice and study weather patterns. Also slated for 2027 is MoonFall, a mission to deliver propulsive drones to the lunar South Pole to support future lunar base development. Another initiative, SunRISE, will launch six small satellites in 2027 to form a large radio antenna in space, aiming to improve understanding of solar activity that could affect human spaceflight safety. The NEO Surveyor mission, managed by JPL, will search for near-Earth objects that may pose impact hazards, enabling early threat assessments.

Closer to Earth, JPL is developing several missions to monitor planetary health. One will track water movement by detecting gravity changes, another will analyze storm formation mechanisms, and a third will assess air pollution’s health impacts. Additional projects include NISAR, a radar satellite collaboration with India’s space agency that will measure Earth’s surface changes related to natural disasters, and AVIRIS, an imaging spectrometer that can identify rare mineral deposits. The Microdevices Laboratory at JPL pioneered “camera on a chip” technology that contributed to mobile phone cameras and is now developing detectors for PRIMA, a new far-infrared astrophysics mission.

“From its early days as a contractor for the U.S. Army to its current role leading cutting-edge missions, JPL has consistently expanded humanity’s reach into space,” said Dave Gallagher, JPL director since 2025. Caltech President Ray Jayawardhana added that the lab’s work reflects the enduring spirit of innovation sparked by early graduate students testing rockets in the Arroyo Seco.

The anniversary coincides with a milestone for Voyager 1, which on November 18 will reach a distance of one light-day from Earth — approximately 16 billion miles. Launched in 1977, the spacecraft, along with its twin Voyager 2, continues to explore interstellar space. Both rely on NASA’s Deep Space Network, developed during the Apollo era, for communication. Ed Stone, who led the Voyager mission for 50 years and served as JPL director for a decade, passed away in 2024, but the probes remain active. Stone once described their journey as “a day of discovery,” a sentiment that reflects JPL’s ongoing mission.

Media contact

Matthew Segal

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.

818-354-8307

matthew.j.segal@jpl.nasa.gov

2026-073

SCIENCE

SpaceX and Tesla explore potential merger amid strong earnings

7h ago · Source: guardian

SpaceX disclosed its second public earnings report on Tuesday, with Elon Musk confirming that both SpaceX and Tesla have established special committees to examine a possible merger. Musk, who leads both companies, said the committees were formed at the request of shareholders and consist of independent directors. He emphasized that he cannot participate directly in the discussions due to a conflict of interest.

The proposal has not yet resulted in any agreement, and Musk cautioned that it would require approval from at least 50% of Tesla shareholders. He noted that while the merger could offer strategic advantages, the process would involve navigating complex regulatory and logistical hurdles.

SpaceX reported revenue of $14.58bn, exceeding analysts' expectations of $12.72bn. The company posted earnings per share of 35 cents and net income of $4.4bn, reflecting a 161% year-over-year increase. Growth was driven primarily by its Starlink satellite internet division and artificial intelligence initiatives, which generated $7.6bn in revenue. The company's stock rose 2% in after-hours trading following the release, after opening the day down 8% for the year.

Musk presented the financial results alongside SpaceX president Gwynne Shotwell and CFO Bret Johnsen at the company's Starlink manufacturing facility in Texas. He highlighted progress on rocket development and the company's expanding role in space-based communications and AI.

The earnings call comes amid renewed scrutiny of SpaceX's involvement in international affairs. Earlier, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy accused SpaceX of limiting access to its Starlink military-grade service, alleging that the restriction contributed to failed combat operations and increased vulnerability to Russian drone attacks. SpaceX and the White House have both denied claims that the company directly controlled the service shutdown, stating that Starshield operations are managed by the U.S. government.

Prior to the earnings release, the Wall Street Journal reported that Musk had directed the throttling of Starshield, citing unnamed U.S. officials. No questions about the report were addressed during the investor Q&A portion of the call.

Beyond aerospace, Musk has increased his engagement in U.S. domestic politics. He has contributed $366m to political causes this election cycle, primarily supporting Republican-aligned Super PACs. He also agreed to co-lead a Pentagon initiative focused on modernizing warfare technology, marking his return to government collaboration after previous involvement with the so-called "Department of Government Efficiency."

In a separate development, Musk announced plans to distribute SpaceX stock to children in the United States next year through a program referenced by former President Donald Trump as part of his "Trump accounts" initiative. The proposal has been framed as an unconventional form of financial education and long-term wealth-building for families.

The announcement follows similar philanthropic moves by other technology firms, including Anthropic's recent decision to allocate 5% of its shares to a public benefit fund. Tesla is scheduled to release its own earnings report later this week, with Musk set to present the findings on Wednesday. The company recently unveiled a new Roadster 2 electric sports car, which demonstrated capabilities including short vertical lifts using pressurized air systems.

SCIENCE

NASA astronaut Jessica Watkins conducts 3D bioprinting experiment on the International Space Station

7h ago · Source: NASA

NASA astronaut Jessica Watkins, a flight engineer on Expedition 75, mixed living cell samples with a bioink inside the Kibo laboratory module’s Life Science Glovebox on October 9, 2026, and then loaded the mixture into a specialized cartridge. The activity was part of the InSPA‑Auxilium Bioprinter‑Cell Printing investigation, which studies 3D bioprinting of cartilage tissue in microgravity. Researchers say the technique may produce higher‑quality cartilage than Earth‑based methods, potentially improving treatments for patients on Earth and supporting long‑duration space missions. Image credit: NASA/Anil Menon

SCIENCE

NASA's CASALS Lidar Advances 3D Mapping of Earth's Surface

7h ago · Source: NASA

From orbit, existing space-based laser instruments capture Earth's forests and terrain in narrow strips, leaving vast unmapped areas between measurements. A new NASA instrument, CASALS, aims to fill these gaps by using adaptive lidar sweeping combined with machine learning to generate continuous three-dimensional topographical data across broad regions.

Developed at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center with funding from the Earth Science Technology Office, CASALS employs a novel optical design that replaces motorized mirrors with a tunable seed laser and transmission grating. The system emits pulses at 1040 nanometers, cycling through 256 wavelengths as they pass through a microscopic ridged component. Diffraction causes each wavelength to diffract at a slightly different angle, naturally redirecting the beams across the flight path without mechanical movement.

This non-mechanical steering eliminates the unmapped gaps inherent in traditional lidar systems and reduces size, weight, and power requirements, enhancing reliability in space environments. The instrument's detector array achieves an 80% quantum efficiency, enabling detection of weak return signals from darker surfaces and dense vegetation.

In November 2024, an airborne prototype of CASALS was tested aboard a NASA B200 King Air aircraft at approximately 5 kilometers altitude. The system captured data with 22-centimeter horizontal resolution, distinguishing individual tree branches and subtle elevation changes. Researchers noted the ability to observe fine vegetation structure and surface topography details during the initial flight campaign.

John Yorks, principal investigator for CASALS at Goddard, emphasized the team's focus on maturing the technology for future space missions. Plans include expanding the instrument's swath width and integrating onboard data processing capabilities. The team is currently supported to optimize performance and prepare the technology for spaceborne deployment, potentially making CASALS the first space-based lidar to map Earth's surface in continuous 3D swaths rather than isolated profiles.

The project involves collaboration with the University of California, Santa Barbara, and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, with sponsorship from NASA's Decadal Survey Incubation program, Instrument Incubation Program, and Goddard Space Flight Center.

SCIENCE

Galileo Project documentary highlights European collaboration behind satellite navigation

7h ago · Source: ESA

A new documentary released by the European Space Agency offers a behind-the-scenes look at the people developing Europe’s Galileo satellite navigation system. The film, titled Finding Our Way: Inside the Galileo Project, features engineers, operators and programme leaders across Europe who work to maintain a secure, resilient positioning signal. According to the agency, the project aims to strengthen technological sovereignty while supporting safety, innovation and economic growth worldwide. The documentary, which includes third-party content and is licensed under the ESA Standard Licence, was published on 21 October 2026 and has received 71 views and 4 likes to date. It showcases the collaborative effort required to sustain a global navigation network that underpins everything from emergency response to financial transactions and transportation systems.

SCIENCE

NASA to Fly Over Alabama Football Game and Host Public Space Experience

7h ago · Source: NASA

NASA announced it will conduct a flyover during the University of Alabama versus Texas A&M football game in Tuscaloosa on Saturday, Oct. 24. Administrator Jared Isaacman will pilot one of three F-5 fighter jets as part of the agency’s Inspiration Tour, which aims to showcase aeronautics and aviation advancements.

Media representatives are invited to attend a press opportunity at the NASA Experience Zone on Champions Lane beginning at 11 a.m. CDT on Oct. 24. Interested journalists must confirm attendance by 12 p.m. CDT on Friday, Oct. 23, by contacting Lance D. Davis at lance.d.davis@nasa.gov.

The public can visit the NASA Experience Zone from 10:30 a.m. to 2:30 p.m. CDT on game day without needing a ticket. The area will feature exhibits on NASA’s Artemis program, including an inflatable Space Launch System rocket, displays of Starship and Blue Moon lander concepts, and information about internship programs. Attendees will have access to photo opportunities with NASA exhibits.

The Inspiration Tour includes stops nationwide to connect NASA with academic, industry, and public stakeholders. The tour will conclude with MAX POWER, a public exhibition of air and space innovation at Kennedy Space Center on Nov. 7 and 8. The event, held in honor of the nation’s 250th anniversary, will highlight next-generation aircraft, spacecraft, autonomous vehicles, and transportation technologies.

For details about MAX POWER and NASA missions, visit https://www.nasa.gov/maxpower.

SCIENCE

Orangutans Choose Food Linked to Laughter Sounds, Study Finds

7h ago · Source: guardian

A study published in Biology Letters suggests that captive orangutans are more likely to select food associated with the sound of laughter. Researchers at Indiana University and partner institutions presented six orangutans with two bowls containing different food-covering materials. Before revealing the bowls, they played recordings of either orangutan laughter or neutral environmental sounds such as wind. When later given a choice between the bowls, four of the six subjects consistently selected the one linked to the laughter recording. Erica Cartmill, the study’s senior author and a professor of anthropology and cognitive science, said the findings indicate that emotional context can influence how animals form associations between stimuli and rewards. "What our work is showing is that it’s also about the state of the animal when they are learning that association," she said. Adriano Lameira, a primatologist at the University of Warwick not involved in the research, described the results as "fascinating" and noted that the apes appeared to adopt a “I will have what they are having, please!” approach to food selection. The researchers propose that laughter may put the animals in a more positive emotional state, enhancing their ability to remember and prefer associated rewards. Cartmill suggested the insights could inform educational practices, where mood might affect how effectively students process and value new information.

SCIENCE

Extratropical Cyclone Brushes Iceland After Hurricane Isaias Remnants

7h ago · Source: NASA

A powerful extratropical cyclone developed over the North Atlantic in mid-October 2026, emerging from the remnants of Hurricane Isaias. The system formed after the hurricane made landfall in Florida as a Category 2 storm on October 9, then accelerated eastward along the jet stream. It rapidly intensified into a deep low-pressure system that passed near Iceland on October 14, bringing sustained winds of 150 kilometers per hour to coastal areas and a peak gust of 205 kilometers per hour recorded near Eyjafjallajökull volcano. Meteorologists noted that the storm's central pressure dropped by more than 50 hectopascals within 24 hours, meeting the criteria for bombogenesis and indicating explosive deepening. Some analysts suggested it may have set a new October record for lowest barometric pressure in Iceland, though this requires altitude adjustments for verification. The storm also impacted parts of northwestern Scotland with gusts up to 90 kilometers per hour, leading to ferry cancellations. Satellite imagery from NOAA-21's VIIRS instrument captured the system's comma-shaped cloud structure as it approached the island nation. The event occurred amid broader seasonal storm activity across the North Atlantic, with several systems developing from former tropical cyclones during the 2026 hurricane season. Observations were documented by multiple sources including the UK Met Office, CIMSS Satellite Blog, and RÚV Icelandic National Broadcasting.

SCIENCE

NASA Announces New Mission Selection Model to Accelerate Scientific Research

NASA announced on Monday that it will host a virtual town hall on October 26 to present its revised Competition Model 2.0 (CM 2.0), a new framework for selecting science mission...

7h ago · Source: NASA · 2 min read

NASA announced on Monday that it will host a virtual town hall on October 26 to present its revised Competition Model 2.0 (CM 2.0), a new framework for selecting science missions more efficiently. The initiative, led by Science Mission Directorate Associate Administrator Nicola Fox, aims to reduce the time required to move from concept to mission approval across all science divisions.

The current process, which involves a two-step pathway with extensive documentation requirements, has historically taken up to 35 months from the initial Announcement of Opportunity to final selection. Under CM 2.0, NASA plans to cut this timeline by as much as 45 percent, with Phase 1 and Phase 2 selection processes expected to conclude in approximately 19.5 months for mid-scale missions and 19 months for smaller missions.

Key changes include a shift toward evaluating proposals based primarily on scientific merit rather than engineering detail or cost estimates during early stages. Phase 1 will require only a science case, a science implementation plan, and a proof-of-concept design, reducing the initial submission burden by roughly half. This approach is intended to level the playing field for smaller institutions and independent principal investigators, who often lack the resources to produce lengthy technical proposals.

For larger missions, including flagship-class projects, the process will follow a streamlined two-step model. The first step focuses solely on scientific priorities, while the second involves a mission implementation study conducted by NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center or Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Selected teams will progress to Phase A with institutional support, while non-selected teams will be released from further obligations.

NASA also plans to integrate commercial space industry capabilities into mission development, encouraging the use of standardized spacecraft buses, subsystems, and multi-mission operations where beneficial. This collaboration aims to leverage industry advancements to reduce costs and accelerate timelines across mission classes.

Cost and schedule discipline will remain central to the new model. Breaches of control thresholds may result in mission termination, ensuring fiscal responsibility. NASA Centers will be directed to coordinate work more effectively, minimizing internal competition and maximizing expertise utilization.

Fox emphasized that the changes are designed to respond to community feedback and accelerate the delivery of scientific results. 'Great science deserves great stewardship,' she stated in the announcement. 'By competing on science first, established teams and first-time teams stand on equal footing. The best idea wins.'

The virtual town hall will provide an opportunity for researchers and stakeholders to ask questions about the implementation of CM 2.0. NASA has indicated that feedback gathered during this session will inform future refinements to the process.

The initiative reflects broader efforts to modernize NASA’s mission selection framework in response to evolving technological landscapes and growing demand for scientific exploration beyond Earth.

SCIENCE

Perseverance rover sets new distance record on Mars

7h ago · Source: NASA

Perseverance rover reached 45.22 kilometers (28.10 miles) of total driving on Mars on Sol 2006, October 11, 2026, establishing the longest distance ever traveled by a vehicle on another celestial body. The achievement was recognized by Guinness World Records, which awarded a plaque to the mission's engineering team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

The rover had approached this milestone earlier, with its odometer standing about 200 meters from the target on Sol 1947. However, scientific activities in a geologically rich area delayed the final drive. When conditions permitted, Perseverance resumed movement and surpassed the previous record without interruption.

Driving across Mars has presented persistent challenges, including dense boulder fields and steep inclines. To address these, the mission team adjusted operational parameters after extensive simulations. The rover's maximum tilt tolerance was increased to 24 degrees, underbelly clearance reduced to 20 centimeters, and braking protocols refined to avoid hazards. Steering motor limits were expanded, and software was updated with dynamic slip tables to account for surface movement. Additionally, cross-slope driving techniques were adopted to improve wheel stability on exposed bedrock.

A new autonomous navigation system, Global Localization (GBLC), enables Perseverance to determine its position using onboard image comparison between ground and orbital data. This capability reduces reliance on Earth-based navigation, allowing longer continuous drives. The system utilizes a processor originally designed for the Ingenuity helicopter, though it operates without full radiation shielding, requiring software safeguards against memory errors caused by cosmic radiation.

Future driving plans aim to leverage these advancements as Perseverance ascends the rim of its landing crater. The mission continues to refine autonomous exploration methods, building on lessons learned from over 45 kilometers of surface travel.

SCIENCE

NASA conducts RS-25 engine test at Stennis Space Center

7h ago · Source: NASA

NASA ignited RS-25 engine No. 10001 on Oct. 21 at the Fred Haise Test Stand in Stennis Space Center, Mississippi. The engine burned for 500 seconds, matching the burn time of RS-25 engines during Space Launch System liftoff. Engineers also operated the engine at 111% power, reaching thrust levels required for new production engines that will carry the SLS rocket and Orion spacecraft into orbit. The test served as an acceptance check of flight components destined for future Artemis missions and evaluated a new thermal protection system designed to shield the engine nozzle from launch‑induced heat. Although this particular engine will not fly, the hot‑fire data will help NASA and its prime contractor L3Harris Technologies refine performance and reliability. Each SLS launch draws about 2 million pounds of combined thrust from four RS-25 engines. All RS-25 engines undergo testing at Stennis before flight, with the work carried out by NASA personnel alongside L3Harris and Nova Space Solutions operators.

SCIENCE

Airbus delivers first lightweight Vulcain Aft Bay for Ariane 6 Block 2 upgrade

7h ago · Source: European Spaceflight

Airbus Netherlands shipped the first lightweight Vulcain Aft Bay for Ariane 6 Block 2 upgrades, the company announced on 21 October via LinkedIn. The component, designated Flight Model 16 (FM16), departed Rotterdam for integration with ArianeGroup in France as part of the rocket’s final evolution. President Rob Postma confirmed the shipment and projected a first flight opportunity on an Ariane 6 mission in 2027.

The Vulcain Aft Bay, a structural assembly at the base of Ariane 6’s core stage, supports the Vulcain 2.1 engine and transfers its thrust to the vehicle’s primary structure. The redesigned unit measures 55 millimetres shorter and weighs approximately 400 kilograms less than its predecessor, according to Postma. This reduction represents roughly half of the weight savings initially projected by Airbus.

Earlier estimates had suggested a more substantial decrease. In July 2024, the Netherlands Space Office cited Airbus Netherlands Director of Strategy, Sales and Business Development Frank Meiboom, stating the upgraded aft bay would be 800 kilograms lighter. The agency also identified FM16 as the first flight model incorporating the modification. By late 2024, however, this figure appeared to have been revised downward. An article in Leonardo Times, published by aerospace engineering students at Delft University of Technology, reported a weight reduction exceeding 550 kilograms following a facility visit.

Postma’s announcement did not reconcile the discrepancy between the earlier 800-kilogram target and the final stated reduction. The lighter aft bay is part of the Ariane 6 Block 2 configuration, which also incorporates the more powerful P160C solid rocket boosters. These boosters entered service aboard an Ariane 64 rocket in June 2026.

European Spaceflight reported in August that the European Space Agency (ESA) had identified the lighter Vulcain Aft Bay as one of the remaining upgrades intended to enhance Ariane 6’s performance and competitiveness. ESA subsequently confirmed that further upgrades under a proposed Block 3 evolution would not proceed, citing “no programme need or justification” for continuation.

The development underscores ongoing efforts to refine Ariane 6’s design for operational efficiency, though the pace and magnitude of weight reduction adjustments have drawn attention within the aerospace community.

SCIENCE

Solstar's Wi-Fi system enables NASA cubesat and Momentus vehicle to exchange data during proximity test

7h ago · Source: SpaceNews

Solstar Space announced on October 20 that its Wi-Fi-based communication system facilitated data exchange between NASA's R5-S10 cubesat and Momentus' Vigoride-7 orbital service vehicle during a proximity operations demonstration. The system transmitted over 2,300 files—including optical, infrared and lidar data—collected by the cubesat to mission operators at NASA's Johnson Space Center via an experimental relay link using Iridium Communications' satellite network.

The test, which lasted approximately 30 minutes, marked the first operational use of Solstar's Deke Space Communicator in a space environment. Brian Barnett, Solstar's founder and CEO, described the mission as providing "real-world experience satisfying customers" after three prior spaceflights and more than a decade of development. He emphasized that the technology now constitutes a commercial product capable of maintaining continuous contact between spacecraft and ground controllers.

Ethan Haase, Iridium's vice president of government solutions, highlighted the significance of testing Iridium's satellite constellation for supporting "new types of on-orbit operations" through this demonstration. John Rood, CEO of Momentus, stated that Solstar's contribution "expanded the capabilities validated during proximity operations" and contributed to "a more connected space environment."

The mission also generated extensive training data for artificial intelligence models targeting future autonomous proximity operations. Solstar noted that Wi-Fi-enabled payloads could enable continuous communication for applications such as satellite manufacturing, servicing, and lunar operations, where real-time equipment monitoring is critical.

In June, Encore Technologies Corp. invested $1 million in Solstar, which Barnett described as "further validation" of the company's growth trajectory. The investment underscores increasing commercial interest in space-based communication infrastructure.

Solstar's technology relies on Wi-Fi protocols adapted for space environments, extending connectivity beyond traditional ground-based networks. The company's Deke Space Communicator operates within thermal vacuum conditions and integrates with orbital service vehicles like Vigoride-7 to provide reliable data transmission during critical mission phases.

Debra Werner, a SpaceNews correspondent based in San Francisco, reported the story. She holds a bachelor's degree in communications from UC Berkeley and a master's in Journalism from Northwestern University.

SCIENCE

Galileo's synchronized satellite system advances navigation precision

7h ago · Source: ESA

A new documentary from the European Space Agency offers a detailed look at Galileo, Europe's global satellite navigation system. The film explains how the constellation operates through three integrated components: satellites in orbit, ground-based control stations, and user receivers.

The documentary highlights the system's precision, noting that atomic clocks aboard the satellites establish a consistent timing reference. Ground stations continuously monitor and adjust satellite performance to maintain accuracy. This coordinated approach enables positioning data with meter-level reliability for civilian and commercial applications.

Footage shows the operational workflow, including signal transmission from orbiting satellites and reception by ground infrastructure. The narration emphasizes Galileo's role in supporting navigation across transportation, emergency services, and everyday devices.

The production is part of ESA's broader outreach to illustrate space-based infrastructure development. It features no commentary on policy or competitive implications, focusing instead on technical implementation. The documentary remains available through ESA's official channels for public viewing.

SCIENCE

Satellite services revenues to hit $145 billion by 2035

7h ago · Source: SpaceNews

Satellite service revenues are projected to climb 44% to $145 billion by 2035, according to the 33rd edition of Novaspace’s Satellite Connectivity and Video Market report released in October 2026. The report highlights a decade-long shift in which data services will dominate growth, expanding from 26% to 68% of total revenues by 2035.

While video distribution currently generates the largest share of income, future expansion will be driven by connectivity solutions. Forecasts indicate that Consumer Broadband, Military Communications, and Enterprise Networks will contribute $22.6 billion, $19.2 billion, and $17.2 billion respectively over the next ten years. Military Communications is emerging as a key growth area, propelled by increasing defense budgets and broader adoption of satellite-enabled operational concepts. Non‑Geostationary Orbit (NGSO) constellations are also gaining importance as providers of resilient capacity for government and defense users.

Dimitri Buchs, Project Manager and Editor of the report, noted that satellite connectivity is transitioning into the mainstream. He cited the rapid growth of NGSO capacity, declining bandwidth costs, and rising demand for always‑available connections as factors reshaping competition across sectors.

The satellite capacity market is expected to surpass $46 billion by 2035, more than tripling its 2025 level. Video Distribution, which held the largest share in 2025, is projected to represent only 3% of capacity revenues by 2035, while Consumer Broadband and Military Communications together will account for over half of total capacity revenues.

Falling bandwidth costs, driven by High‑Throughput Satellite (HTS) systems and expanding NGSO projects, are accelerating the integration of satellite connectivity into mass‑market applications. Companies such as Starlink are increasingly competing with terrestrial broadband on price, positioning satellite broadband as a viable alternative to fiber and wireless services in many markets.

The role of Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) operators is also evolving. After a low of six commercial GEO orders in 2024, the market rebounded to 10 orders in 2025, with an additional 14 recorded by mid‑September 2026. This resurgence reflects shifting multi‑orbit strategies and continued demand for GEO capabilities alongside expanding NGSO systems.

Buchs emphasized that the future will not be a simple choice between GEO and NGSO but rather an ecosystem where each architecture serves distinct, complementary needs. Software‑defined satellites, flexible commercial models, sovereign requirements, and evolving multi‑orbit strategies are redefining GEO’s function in the broader communications landscape.

The 33rd edition of the Satellite Connectivity and Video Market offers a detailed assessment of global satellite service revenues, capacity demand, pricing trends, competitive dynamics, and operator strategies across video, broadband, enterprise, mobility, government, and defense markets through 2035. It introduces a granular bottom‑up model for Enterprise Networks Back‑up terminals and a revised commercial Military Communications model with regional, band‑specific, and infrastructure‑type analyses.

The report also tracks major developments influencing the sector, including the evolution of NGSO constellations, emerging Q/V frequency bands, regulatory changes, government and defense spending trends, and shifting competitive dynamics between satellite and terrestrial connectivity.

Novaspace, the independent consulting and market intelligence firm behind the report, has over 40 years of expertise in the global space sector. The company provides data‑driven advisory services to more than 1,200 clients across 60 countries, operating from offices in cities such as Paris, London, Singapore, and Washington, D.C.

Media inquiries can be directed to Olivia Garnier, Communications Lead at Novaspace, via olivia.garnier@nova.space.

SCIENCE

Chlamydomonas algae illuminates neural mechanisms behind behavior and disease research

7h ago · Source: guardian

A single-celled alga has become a key tool in unraveling how neural circuits generate memories, emotions and behavior, research by three scientists who received this year's Nobel prize in physiology or medicine has shown.Chlamydomonas, a light-sensitive alga found in freshwater, uses a protein named channelrhodopsin to detect illumination. When the protein registers light, charged ions flow into the cell, producing a rapid electrical impulse that directs the organism to move toward or away from the source. Researchers transferred the algae's channelrhodopsin gene into neurons of laboratory animals and applied brief light pulses to activate or silence specific cells. This allowed precise mapping of brain pathways responsible for actions such as nest-building, grooming and other motor responses. The method has been applied to study neurological and psychiatric conditions including depression, anxiety and Parkinson's disease, and is being evaluated as a potential therapy for inherited retinal disorders. The breakthrough originated from basic investigations of a microscopic organism largely overlooked outside specialized research circles.

SCIENCE

Study finds social influence can amplify rule-breaking behavior

7h ago · Source: guardian

A new study published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B shows that observing others break rules can increase an individual's own tendency to violate norms, especially when the rule-breakers share a political affiliation.

Researchers at the University of Amsterdam conducted an online experiment with 750 participants in the United States, roughly evenly divided between Republicans and Democrats. Participants completed a task in which they selected squares on a grid to maximize a monetary reward based on the brightness of an animated shooting star. The reward structure incentivized choosing squares to the right of the correct position, creating a scenario where rule-breaking could yield higher rewards.

During the experiment, participants were shown whether a hypothetical other participant had followed the rules or violated them, along with the extent of any violation and the other participant's political affiliation. They were then asked if they wished to update their choice, repeating the process six times.

The findings revealed that 23% of initial choices involved selecting squares with the highest reward, indicating a baseline level of rule-breaking. Observing others who followed the rules slightly reduced an individual's own rule-breaking, while seeing others make minor violations — choosing squares slightly to the right of the correct position — modestly increased rule-breaking behavior. Crucially, when participants observed others flagrantly violating the rules by selecting squares far to the right, their own rule-breaking increased significantly, sometimes exceeding the violations they had witnessed.

The effect was amplified when the rule-breaking observer shared the participant's political alignment. The researchers noted that this suggests individuals are more influenced by peers with whom they share ideological ties, a pattern consistent with broader findings on social conformity.

To explore how these behaviors might scale to larger groups, the team used computer simulations. The models demonstrated that a small minority of individuals who escalate rule violations could trigger widespread breakdowns in collective compliance.

However, about one-third of participants consistently adhered to the rules despite the opportunity for greater reward, indicating that not all individuals succumb to social influence. Professor Stephen Reicher of the University of St Andrews, who was not involved in the study, noted that the experiment's abstract nature and lack of real-world penalties limit its direct applicability to phenomena such as civil unrest. He emphasized that influence is not universal contagion but depends on the specific individuals observed, stating that witnessing rule-breaking does not inevitably lead to collective disorder.

The study contributes to understanding how social norms can be eroded through peer influence, particularly when violations are visible and politically aligned.

SCIENCE

Europe's Galileo Satellite System Emerges from Decades-Long Effort

7h ago · Source: ESA

The European Space Agency has detailed the development of Galileo, Europe's global navigation satellite system, in a documentary released on October 21, 2026. The film chronicles the project's origins as a bold European initiative to establish an independent satellite navigation network, overcoming technical, financial and diplomatic hurdles over multiple decades. It highlights the persistence of engineers and policymakers who pursued the vision despite setbacks, ultimately creating a system that now provides positioning data used worldwide. The documentary emphasizes Galileo's role as a civil infrastructure project distinct from military or purely commercial satellite networks, reflecting Europe's strategic aim to reduce reliance on other nations' systems. Technical aspects include the deployment of 26 operational satellites in medium Earth orbit, ground control infrastructure, and the system's dual-use nature for both civilian and security applications. The film also touches on challenges like signal accuracy requirements, orbital coordination with other global navigation systems, and the political negotiations required to secure funding across ESA member states. While acknowledging competition from existing systems like the U.S. GPS and Russian GLONASS, the documentary frames Galileo as a significant technological achievement rooted in European scientific collaboration. It concludes with current applications of the system in transportation, agriculture, emergency response and everyday consumer devices, underscoring its integration into modern infrastructure.

SCIENCE

TechnoMile Wins 2026 Inc. Power Partner Award

7h ago · Source: SpaceNews

TechnoMile, a provider of AI-driven workflow solutions for government contractors, was named a 2026 Inc. Power Partner Award winner. The award identifies companies that help entrepreneurs and businesses navigate growth challenges, including hiring, compliance, technology, and fundraising.

The Inc. Power Partner Awards recognize B2B firms that enable clients to scale through expertise and services. Inc. editorial director Bonny Ghosh said the honorees "don’t just have customers – they have superfans and evangelists," citing dedication to helping business owners succeed across marketing, finance, and technology.

TechnoMile was cited for its work addressing challenges faced by growing government contractors, such as identifying federal contract opportunities, managing pipelines manually, lacking forecasting visibility, and meeting compliance and security requirements after winning contracts. The company’s platform integrates growth, contracts, and security workflows for defense and public sector organizations, offering greater visibility, compliance, risk reduction, and operational efficiency.

Ashish Khot, TechnoMile’s CEO, said the award reflects customer feedback and validates the company’s focus on "a unified way to manage the full lifecycle of federal business."

TechnoMile was formed by merging TechnoMile and SIMS Software. Its platform combines AI, purpose-built technology, and government contracting experience to support end-to-end operations from opportunity identification through compliant execution. More information is available at technomile.com.

Inc. is a business media brand published by Mansueto Ventures, alongside Fast Company. The Power Partner Awards list and details can be found at inc.com/power-partner-awards.

SCIENCE

Space Nuclear Power Corporation receives DARPA funding for autonomous reactor controller ground test

7h ago · Source: SpaceNews

Space Nuclear Power Corporation (SpaceNukes) announced on October 21, 2026, that the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has awarded it an Other Transaction Agreement under the Fast Capacitance (Fat Cat) program. Dr. Tabitha Dodson, manager of DARPA’s Defense Sciences Office, oversees the Fat Cat program, which aims to develop autonomous reactor operation for national security applications. The agreement funds the development and ground testing of advanced reactor control technologies intended to expand the United States’ nuclear power capabilities.

The award builds on a continuous line of nuclear power development and directly references work completed by SpaceNukes team members in 2018. While employed at Los Alamos National Laboratory and NASA, the team conducted the only full-power ground test of a new American space reactor in five decades, known as the Kilopower Reactor Using Stirling Technology (KRUSTY) project. Under the current agreement, SpaceNukes and Los Alamos National Laboratory will design, build, and test a follow-on Kilopower reactor that incorporates active control rod operation, moving beyond the passively controlled design demonstrated in the 2018 KRUSTY test.

Patrick McClure, COO of SpaceNukes, stated that the award acknowledges the maturity and continuity of the team responsible for the original KRUSTY work. He added that the company looks forward to collaborating with Dr. Dodson and Los Alamos National Laboratory to advance the next phase of American nuclear power. Andy Phelps, CEO of SpaceNukes, emphasized that demonstrated technology is essential for achieving national security objectives and that the funding enables the company to extend the KRUSTY program’s achievements.

The program’s phased structure includes design, procurement, and integration milestones leading to a ground demonstration. This process will yield nuclear-tested hardware and establish an engineering foundation for autonomous, actively controlled reactor operation. Integration activities will take place at SpaceNukes’ facility in Medina, Ohio, under the leadership of Chief Engineer Marc Gibson. The initiative seeks to position American industry to supply reliable nuclear power for a broader range of mission profiles, including those requiring dynamic power management and rapid response under varying operational conditions.

Space Nuclear Power Corporation was established with the conviction that nuclear power is vital for the future, both on Earth and in space. The company’s objective is to enable the deployment of fission reactors in space. Its core team includes David Poston (CTO), Patrick McClure (COO), Marc Gibson (Chief Engineer), Omar Mireles (formerly of NASA Marshall Space Flight Center), and Andy Phelps (CEO). SpaceNukes holds a license from Los Alamos National Laboratory for the Kilopower technology and operates from headquarters in Los Alamos, New Mexico, with additional facilities in Los Alamos and Medina, Ohio, equipped for additive 3D printing, thermal testing, and vacuum testing.

Media inquiries can be directed to Andy Phelps at phelps@spacenukes.com or (505) 303-9906.

SCIENCE

Quantum CubeSat developments signal growing space industry interest

7h ago · Source: SpaceNews

Glasgow, UK – 21 October 2026 – Craft Prospect, a UK-based space engineering company, has engaged in discussions across the UK, Europe, Japan and the United States about advancing secure communications through quantum technologies.

Senior quantum engineer Andrew Kelly presented at the 9th Annual ScyLight Conference in Tenerife in October, outlining progress on quantum and optical CubeSat payloads for the €20 million OPS-SAT VOLT mission. The conference served as a forum for European industry leaders to explore integration of quantum capabilities into future space systems.

At Newton Q 2026, Kelly discussed engineering challenges in transitioning quantum research to operational space systems, highlighting interest in quantum communications, cybersecurity and photonics. Parallel conversations occurred at SPACETIDE 2026 in Tokyo in July, where Managing Director Steve Greenland addressed UK-Japan collaboration and space security considerations.

Quantum Technology Lead Natalie Pearson and Sales Engineer Rory Ireland participated in ESA’s Quantum Technology Workshop in July, engaging with European space sector organisations on emerging technologies and partnership opportunities.

At SmallSat 2026 in Salt Lake City in August, Head of Engineering Kevin Quillien presented developments on The Quantum CubeSat, while Commercial Lead Hina Khan and AI Lead Lucy Donnell showcased progress on OPS-SAT VOLT alongside Bright Ascension. Attendees demonstrated strong interest in missions testing secure communications, optical networking and quantum-enabled technologies in orbit.

The company has responded to sustained demand for practical demonstration platforms by developing a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) Space Network Emulator. The tool is designed to provide a controlled environment for testing QKD technologies, reducing risk and accelerating development for industry and research teams.

Across all engagements, participants emphasized the need to move beyond theoretical exploration toward operational testing of quantum systems in realistic space environments. This reflects broader industry momentum toward integrating quantum technologies with space infrastructure.

With quantum communications and autonomous space systems advancing toward deployment, Craft Prospect continues to develop capabilities supporting secure, resilient space networks. The company invites inquiries about its QKD emulator and related technologies through intelligence@craftprospect.com.

SCIENCE

SpaceX plans Starship reuse test and refueling milestone for 2027

7h ago · Source: arstechnica

SpaceX aims to catch a Starship upper stage during its next flight and to reuse the vehicle rapidly, according to company executives. The company also intends to conduct a long-delayed in-orbit refueling test in early 2027, a step that could support lunar landings under NASA's Artemis program.

The refueling demonstration will involve transferring liquid oxygen and methane between two Starship vehicles in low-Earth orbit. This will be the first attempt at such a transfer at scale, and the data gathered will inform estimates of how many launches are needed to support a lunar landing. SpaceX says the test will also provide insight into boil-off rates and the efficiency of propellant transfers in space.

Company leadership outlined a timeline that includes a high flight cadence for Starship. Elon Musk has said he expects the rocket to achieve a weekly launch rate during the first half of 2027, with the potential for twice-weekly flights later in the year. Achieving this cadence depends on how quickly the company can refurbish and relaunch boosters without extensive maintenance.

"The rate at which we launch Starship will increase dramatically as we solve rapid and complete reusability," Musk said. "At first there will be a little bit of refurbishment that’s needed between each flight, and we’ll iron out the need for any refurbishment such that you can immediately land the rocket and launch it again, just like an airplane."

In addition to Starship development, SpaceX plans to continue launching Starlink V3 satellites and Starmind data center prototypes in 2027. The company did not address recent reports about throttling Starlink services in Ukraine during its earnings discussion.

The upcoming test flight and refueling effort represent key milestones for SpaceX’s long-term goals of enabling sustainable lunar missions and eventually supporting deeper space exploration.

SCIENCE

Mayer Hillman, pioneer of sustainable transport and early climate warning, dies at 94

7h ago · Source: guardian

Mayer Hillman, a British social scientist and author known for anticipating climate and mobility challenges decades before they entered mainstream discourse, died at the age of 94. His work, which combined rigorous analysis with practical proposals, influenced energy policy, urban design and child safety standards in the United Kingdom.

In the late 1990s Hillman warned that future generations would judge the current era by its response to climate change. His prediction gained resonance when Greta Thunberg, speaking at the United Nations, declared that adults were failing young people and that "the eyes of all future generations are upon you."

Hillman argued that denial of the climate crisis would persist until people in the global north experienced its tangible effects, such as environmental displacement or repeated flooding that rendered homes uninsurable. He also advocated for carbon rationing as a necessary measure to curb emissions, comparing its societal acceptance to wartime rationing during the second world war.

His policy suggestions often preceded their time. In 1984 he called for mandatory energy audits and thermal ratings for buildings; the concept materialised as energy performance certificates (EPCs) in England and Wales in 2007. Earlier, in the early 1990s, he proposed raising road intersections to pavement level to prioritise pedestrians, a practice now common in many cities. He also championed cycle lanes and 20mph speed limits more than four decades before they became widespread.

Born in West Hampstead, north London, to Scottish Jewish parents, Hillman was the youngest of three brothers. During the second world war he was evacuated to Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire, where his family maintained kosher dietary practices despite local hosts offering meat and fish. After the war the family returned to Rickmansworth, making daily train journeys that Hillman later described as shaping his view of "free range" childhoods versus the constrained lives of modern children.

After qualifying from the Bartlett School of Architecture at University College London, Hillman became a partner in a north London architectural firm. In 1956 he co‑designed a prototype for a pedestrian‑oriented new town, an early example of his focus on walkable urban environments.

The 1963 report Traffic in Towns by Colin Buchanan, which acknowledged the drawbacks of car dependence, prompted Hillman to pursue a doctorate at Edinburgh University. His research examined the social and environmental impacts of personal mobility and argued for reducing reliance on motorised transport. In 1964 he married Heidi Krott, a Viennese refugee who had arrived in Britain as a child.

Hillman’s career continued at the Policy Studies Institute (formerly Political and Economic Planning), where he produced influential reports. A 1979 study, Walking Is Transport, highlighted the omission of short‑distance walking from national travel statistics, a gap that disproportionately affected women’s mobility. In 1990, together with Anne Whalley, he authored One False Move, which documented a sharp decline in children’s independent travel: from 80 % of seven‑ and eight‑year‑olds walking to school unaccompanied in 1971 to just 9 % by 1990. He linked this shift to increased parental anxiety, higher child road‑death rates involving vehicles, and the broader societal cost of reduced children’s freedom.

Hillman also warned that the reduction in child road fatalities was not a sign of safer streets but rather a consequence of children being kept off roads out of fear. He argued that "danger should be removed from children rather than children from danger," emphasizing the need for safer street design.

His 2004 book, How We Can Save the Planet, described climate change as "the most serious environmental threat that the world has ever faced," and he dismissed individual gestures as ineffective, despite his own long‑term avoidance of air travel. He later concluded that mitigation efforts had become too late to avert severe damage, a stance that reflected his increasingly apocalyptic outlook.

Beyond his professional achievements, Hillman was known for his contradictions: he took pride in his Jewish heritage while identifying as a "militant atheist," and he remained an enthusiastic cyclist well into old age, using the bicycle as both a personal passion and a tool for promoting environmental and health benefits. He rode through London’s streets into his later years.

Hillman is survived by his wife Heidi, who died in 2017, his sons Josh and Saul, and three grandchildren, Jasmine, Eva and Rafi. His legacy endures in contemporary policies on energy efficiency, sustainable transport and child safety, underscoring the lasting impact of a thinker who consistently challenged prevailing assumptions about the built environment and climate responsibility.

SCIENCE

New Ghost Galaxies Discovered in Cassiopeia

7h ago · Source: NASA

Astronomers have identified a set of faint, diffuse galaxies within the constellation Cassiopeia that appear to be dynamically linked to the nearby spiral galaxy M101. The discoveries were made using deep imaging data collected by the Starfront Observatories, where researchers Louis Leroux-Géré, Thibault Rouillé, Vincent Martin and Cédric de Decker processed long-exposure photographs to reveal structures previously hidden in the background of the night sky. The findings were published in the October 21, 2026 edition of the Astronomy Picture of the Day (APOD) feature, which highlights a different cosmic image each day along with expert commentary. Keighley Rockcliffe, Robert Nemiroff, Jerry Bonnell and Cecilia Chirenti served as the article's authors and editors, coordinating the presentation of the new data for a broad audience. The project is part of a broader effort supported by NASA's Astrophysics Science Division at the Goddard Space Flight Center, in collaboration with the NASA Science Activation program and Michigan Technological University. According to the team, the newly catalogued objects exhibit characteristics consistent with dwarf galaxy populations, offering potential insight into galaxy formation and evolution in the local universe. While further spectroscopic analysis is required to confirm membership in the M101 group, the initial observations suggest these faint entities may represent a previously undercounted component of the cosmic web.